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Making Unidirectional VLAN and PVLAN Become Bidirectional
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SUMMARY
Wepwedgie, a tool by Anton Rager for traffic injection on 802.11 networks
protected by WEP, solves the problem of unidirectional communication by
bouncing packets from the target host to a third external host under the
attackers control. The following article employs the same principle
Wepwedgie uses to bypass both VLAN and PVLAN network segmentation.
DETAILS
Vulnerable Systems:
* 802.1q, various PVLAN implementations - This is a protocol, and not
vendor-specific attack
1. Modification of the double-tagging VLAN jumping attack:
The attacker tags his malicious data with two 802.1q tags and sends the
packet with a spoofed source IP of a host under his or her control. This
can be any host to which a valid route from the target VLAN is present,
including an external host on the Internet. The first tag gets stripped by
the switch the attacker is plugged into and the packet is forwarded to the
next switch. The remaining tag contains a different VLAN number, to which
the packet is sent. So, data is forced to pass between the VLANs. The
receiving host will check the source IP of the arriving packet and send
the reply to this IP, which is a host that belongs to the attacker.
This attack can be launched using
<http://sourceforge.net/projects/yersinia/> Yersinia.
2. Modification of the MAC spoofing PVLAN jumping attack:
The attacker sends a packet with a valid source MAC but a spoofed source
IP of a host under his or her control. This can be any host to which a
valid route from the target PVLAN is present, including an external host
on the Internet. The target MAC address is replaced with the one of a
gateway router. A switch would forward such packet to the router, which
will then look at the IP and direct the packet to the target. Of course,
the source MAC of the packet will be replaced by the one of the router,
which would then direct the reply packet from the target to the host that
belongs to the attacker.
This attack can be launched using pvlan.c from the Steve A. Rouiller's
"Virtual LAN Security: weaknesses and countermeasures" GIAC Security
Essentials Practical Assignment.
Note: Such attacks can be used for different purposes from port scanning
to communicating with a backdoor on a different VLAN or PVLAN.
Vendor Status:
While the above advisory is not a vendor specific, Cisco has issued a
response:
"Cisco Response
This is Cisco PSIRT's response to the statements made by Arhont Ltd. in
their message: Making unidirectional VLAN and PVLAN jumping bidirectional,
posted on 2005-Dec-19. An archived version of the report can be found
here:
<http://lists.grok.org.uk/pipermail/full-disclosure/2005-December/040333.html>
http://lists.grok.org.uk/pipermail/full-disclosure/2005-December/040333.html
Cisco confirms the statements made.
We would like to thank Arhont Ltd. for reporting this issue to us.
We greatly appreciate the opportunity to work with researchers on security
vulnerabilities, and welcome the opportunity to review and assist in
product reports.
Additional Information
Cisco is aware of VLAN spoofing attacks and recommends that customers
apply best practices where possible to reduce the impact of such attacks
on their networks. Many best practices are discussed in Cisco's SAFE
Blueprint for Layer 2 security:
<http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns340/ns394/ns171/ns128/networking_solutions_white_paper09186a008014870f.shtml>
SAFE Layer 2 Security In-depth Version 2
As mentioned in the Arhont advisory, this is a protocol issue with 802.1q
VLANS, and not a vendor-specific issue. However, there are techniques
available on Cisco devices that may allow you to reduce your exposure to
the mentioned attacks.
The Cisco SAFE Blueprint for Layer 2 security discusses double tagging
attacks here:
<http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns340/ns394/ns171/ns128/networking_solutions_white_paper09186a008014870f.shtml#wp1002270>
VLAN Hopping
The recommended configuration is to disable 802.1q trunking everywhere it
is not required so that tagged frames are discarded on ports not
configured for trunking.
The publication by Arhont also leverages an IP spoofing component to
enable the attack. Cisco recommends IP anti-spoofing techniques and
features such as Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (uRPF) to guard against
spoofed IP packets.
The Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (Unicast RPF) feature helps to
mitigate problems that are caused by spoofed IP source addresses. It is
available on Cisco routers and firewalls. For further details, please
refer to:
<http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios122/122cgcr/fsecur_c/fothersf/scfrpf.htm>
Configuring Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding
By enabling Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (uRPF), all spoofed packets
will be dropped at the first device. To enable uRPF, use the following
commands.
router(config)# ip cef
router(config)# interface
router(config-if)# ip verify unicast reverse-path"
Disclosure Timeline:
17/10/05 sent to CERT
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
The information has been provided by <mailto:mlists@arhont.com> Andrew A.
Vladimirov.
The original article can be found at:
<http://lists.grok.org.uk/pipermail/full-disclosure/2005-December/040333.html>
http://lists.grok.org.uk/pipermail/full-disclosure/2005-December/040333.html
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