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| Subject: | [CISSP-D] The ISO 27000 Newsletter - Edition 17 |
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| Date: | Mon, 21 Jan 2008 20:22:40 -0000 |
This is always published first over at cccure.org, but for everyone else, here is the latest issue (just arrived 5 mins ago). I hope it's of interest. Laura ______________________________________________________ THE ISO 27001 and ISO 27002 NEWSLETTER - EDITION 17 ______________________________________________________ Welcome to Issue 17 of The ISO 27000 Newsletter, designed to provide news and background with respect to the ISO security standards. The information provided is totally free to our subscribers and offers guidance on practical issues and commentary on recent developments. Covered in this issue are the following topics: 1) Obtaining the ISO 27001 and ISO 27002 Standards 2) Cell Phone / Mobile Phone Security 3) Trials and Tribulations of an Information Security Officer 4) More ISO 17799/27001 Frequently Asked Questions 5) Using COBIT: The Acquisition Process 6) Information Security News 7) ISO 27000: The World Wide Phenomenon 8) Business Continuity Management: Preparation and Risk 9) ISO 27001/2: Common Mistakes Part 1 10) Security Incident Response 11) ISO 27000 Related Definitions and Terms 12) It Couldn't Happen Here, Could It? Appendix: Subscription Information Obtaining ISO 27001 And ISO 27002 ================================= The most frequent question we field is "Where can I obtain a copy of the standard?" The standard itself is available from: http://17799.cryptovb.com This is the web site for the ISO 27000 Toolkit. This downloadable package includes both ISO 27001 and ISO 27002, and was created to help those taking the first steps towards addressing the standards. It includes both parts of the standard, audit checklists, a roadmap, a set of ISO compliant security policies, and a range of other items and materials. http://17799.standardsdirect.org This is the BSI Online Shop, a vending site for downloadable copies of the standards. Cell Phone / Mobile Phone Security ================================== The wide scale use of cell / mobile phones for business purposes has brought with it a raft of new risks and potential exposures. These devices can not only store voice messages (information), but text messages, and often complex data, particularly with the advent of internet browsable smartphones. It is hardly surprising therefore that there has been a gradual increase in the number of security breaches and consequential losses resulting from phone theft or unauthorized phone access. These issues are covered in a number of sections within ISO 27002. These include Section 9.2.5 (Security of Equipment Off Premises) and 10.8.1 (Information Exchange Policies and Procedures). However, most focus is applied within section 11.7.1: Mobile Computing and Communication. The general objective of this section states: "The protection required should be commensurate with the risks these specific ways of working cause. When using mobile computing the risks of working in an unprotected environment should be considered and appropriate protection applied." The section offers specific guidance with respect to the physical protection of the device itself, cryptography of the data held, backups of the data/information, and of course virus protection (particularly relevant to smart phones). We would argue that awareness is also a major factor with respect to phone security. This type of device can very easily be taken for granted, and the security aspects overlooked. The following is perhaps a start point for a list to include in an awareness campaign for your employees: - Do not openly display a cell/mobile phone: keep it out of sight in a pocket or handbag - Always use your phone's security lock code or pin number - If possible, avoid using it in crowded areas - Properly mark your phone with your zipcode/postcode - If the phone is lost or stolen, report it straight away to the police, your service provider, and your security officer - Be aware of your surroundings and the people near to you - Do not leave it unattended: keep it with you at all times - Make a note of your phone's IMEI number Now is an excellent time to review this section (11.7.1) with respect to the Cell Phones / Mobile Phones within your own organization. Our crystal ball tells us that losses due to security exposure in this area are going to increase significantly over the coming months and years. Hopefully, our subscribers will be sufficiently prepared to avoid being one of the major victims. Trials and Tribulations of a Part-Time Information Security Officer (Part 1) ============================================================================ A DIFFICULT DAY: Thursday was certainly a challenging day. As the newly appointed part-time Information Security Officer for Whithertech Associates I now have responsibility for trying to hold together the Information Security process. This is naturally in addition to all my normal duties. On Friday I was a little late and was greeted in the corridor by my Director shouting that our network was down and our website had been hacked and defaced. He said I should get downstairs and help June to sort it out and, by the way, I should make more effort to get to work on time. I mumbled an apology and dashed off to see June, the acting network administrator and webmaster, to try to find out what was happening. She was looking more than a little flustered when I arrived and said that all hell seemed to be breaking loose. She had only been doing the job for two weeks since our usual network administrator/webmaster Jack had gone off on long term sick leave, and although she understood most the technical aspects of the job, a lot of it was still new to her. Jack was good at controlling the network but never wrote anything down, so there were few procedures to follow. We decided that the network was the priority so we put up a temporary holding page on the website and then got hold of the network logs and started to work through them. It was a lengthy process as Wednesday night included the month-end processing and there were literally thousands of entries. With few written procedures to explain the complexities of the coding it took over an hour to identify a couple of unusual log events affecting the network access. It also took some while to track down the cause, but with some additional technical support, and to cut a long story short, it was eventually identified that an IT operator who left the company last week had "allegedly" left some malicious code in the network control system, which had partially wiped out the network access directories. I went to advise my Director that the network should be back up running shortly while June called up the back-up access directories and restored them. I left my director fuming, having told me to make sure we collected good admissible evidence to support a possible legal case. We then got on with sorting out the website problem. We had thought that the website was pretty secure but someone had managed to place some pretty heavy "Triple-X" links onto our "Welcome" page. The first task was to change the passwords and get the website up and running again, which we did from the back-ups that had now arrived from our off-site storage. We then looked at the logs for the FTP server and found that during the night the welcome page had been downloaded, the additional content added, and then re-uploaded to the server. Investigations into all this spurious activity are now ongoing involving some of our auditing staff, but I have my own suspicions that the same disgruntled IT operator may be involved. Having lost most of Thursday on these incidents I needed to work pretty late that night to catch up on my main job. I was also left wondering if we could have managed the incidents better and got the systems up and running more quickly than we did. The main lessons I learned that day ? 1) In future we must change all our passwords immediately when staff with access permissions leave; 2) We need to consider purchasing some scanning software to help detect malicious software and prevent it from causing future denial of service incidents; 3) We must make sure we have MUCH better written procedures for critical processes; 4) I will have to spend more time learning about my new duties from my security manual; and finally, 5) I must go out and purchase a louder alarm clock before I end up losing my job! NOTE: If any of the above sounds even remotely familiar.... you have work to do! One resource which may greatly assist is the Information Security Officer's Manual, which is designed to be a hands on reference for anyone with any security responsibilities. For more information see: http://www.security-manual.com More ISO 17799/27001 Frequently Asked Questions =============================================== 1) What is accreditation? An accreditation body is an organization which grants third parties the authority to issue 'certificates' (to certify) against standards. This third party is the 'certification company', which actually certifies against the standard. Examples include: BSI, SGS and SAI Global. 2) Why was ISO 17799 renamed to ISO 27002? The rename was made with a view to ISO 27000 becoming a generic series of standards related to information security (ISO 27001 was the first). 3) How should the organization's information security REQUIREMENTS be established? ISO 27002 identifies 3 main sources: - "Through risk assessment, threats to assets are identified, vulnerability to and likelihood of occurrence is evaluated, and potential impact is estimated" - "The legal, statutory, regulatory and contractual requirements that an organization, its trading partners, contractors and service providers have to satisfy" - "The particular set of principles, objectives and requirements for information processing that an organization has developed to support its operations". 4) Can I republish articles from the ISO27000 Newsletter (internally or externally)? Yes, subject to a link to our website (www.molemag.net). 5) Which controls are considered by the standard to be essential from a legal perspective? The following 3 areas of ISO 27002 are specifically highlighted in this respect: data protection and privacy of personal information; intellectual property rights; safeguarding of organizational records 6) What is ISO/IEC Guide 62? This is intended for those bodies operating certification schemes, rather than user organizations. It contains the general requirements applicable to them. 7) What is FDIS? Before ISO publish a standard it goes through a number of stages. FDIS is one of these. The stages, in correct order, are: NP: New Proposal (initial stage) WD: Working Draft (development) CD: Committee Draft (quality control) FCD: Final Committee Draft (draft awaiting approval) FDIS: Final Draft International Standard (almost ready) IS: Published standard Using COBIT: The Acquisition Process ==================================== ISO 27001/2 are of course the major international standards for information security. However, several wide spectrum governance frameworks exist which compliment these, the most well known being COBIT. This widely used framework provides comprehensive controls and guidance covering each key stage of the IT process. The supporting 'Control-IT COBIT Toolkit' (http://citt.privacyresources.org) provides valuable implementation support for the framework and simplifies the implementation process. The following snapshot, which is based on the toolkit guidance, covers the IT SYSTEM ACQUISITION PROCESS. --- HIGH LEVEL POLICY FOR IT SYSTEM ACQUISITION Procurement procedures in respect of the purchase, lease or rental of all technology based products and services need to be developed. Internal control procedures covering these processes are to be developed and approved incorporating these requirements and providing the means to verify that these procurement control policies are being complied with on an ongoing basis. The Key Performance Indicators are: ? Lower delays in meeting requests for new systems or IT equipment ? Higher percentage of procurement requests met on time ? Higher availability of comprehensive user and operations documentation The Process Critical Success Factors are: ? Lower number of problems caused through poor acquisition procedures ? Lower cost of maintaining systems ? Lower cost of procuring systems The IT Key Goal Indicator is: ? Higher level of business system owner satisfaction with systems and equipment The compliance level measurement criteria are as follows: ? NIL - No procedures exist to manage IT systems acquisition. The only procedures available relate to general purchases or goods and services ? POOR - Although the management is aware that IT systems acquisition controls should be effectively controlled, there is no real implementation of these ideals. There is very little integration or liaison between business activities and systems acquisition ? INADEQUATE - There is recognition that IT systems acquisition controls should be in place and some efforts have been made to identify some basic level rules. The quality of the procedures remains fairly poor ? BASIC - There is a defined process for controlling IT system purchases but use of these procedures is inconsistent. Actual procedural content lacks conformity with agreed standards and these deficiencies are not addressed satisfactorily ? ACCEPTABLE - There is a reasonable degree of compliance with approved IT system acquisition procedures and a defined framework for review and approval. The approach covers all systems and applications. Strategic management of the purchasing processes is evolving and performance measurement and management is being integrated into these processes ? FULL - A formalized and comprehensive process for purchasing new systems and equipment is in place and is followed in all cases. The organization has a high level of technical awareness and can relate system acquisition requirements and system quality criteria to improving business performance levels --- Overall, the above outlines a robust, consistent, and proven framework within which to operate a sound system acquisition process. It is a very good example of the COBIT approach, in that it illustrates the provision of measures and indicators, which are outside the scope of ISO 27001/2. NOTE: A previous issue of the ISO 27000 Newsletter provided a detailed mapping between ISO 27002 and COBIT: ISO 27002 Chapter No. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 COBIT 4.0 DOMAINS Plan and Organize (PO) L H L L H H H H L L M L Acquire and implement (AI) H M M L M H L L L L L L Deliver and support (DS) L H M H H L H M M M H M Monitor and evaluate (ME) L M L M L L L L L L L L Key to level of matching between COBIT 4.0 and ISO 17799:2005 H = Reasonably good match M = Some matching L = Low level or no matching Information Security News ======================= 1) Lottery Scams Are Latest Spam Fad According to Microsoft (http://www.microsoft.com), 50% of spam emails are currently lottery scams (usually inviting the victim to claim their "winnings" or similar). Surprisingly, their poll also revealed that 16% of recipients actually opened them, indicating an almost complete lack of security awareness. 2) University Fined For Security Breach The University of California has agreed to pay the U.S. Department of Energy a $2.8 million fine as a result of a security breach at its Los Alamos National Laboratory. The fine stems from an incident in which a subcontractor's employee stole classified documents and stored others on a USB drive in 2006. 3) Phishing Attack Increase The Gartner (http://www.gartner.com) annual survey has revealed that the number of people receiving phishing emails has more than doubled in the last 3 years (now estimated to be 124 million per year). Victims of phishing scams in the United States lost $3.2 billion during a 12-month period ending in August. 4) Anti-botnet Charges In the US, the FBI has announced that it has charged eight men with using internet 'botnets' to perform fraud and to launch other malicious attacks. The men are alleged to have profited by lifting sensitive credentials off their victims' computers, releasing DDoS attacks and leasing 'zombie computers' to other parties. 5) Vista Security Fixes Microsoft has released a detailed list of more than 300 security patches within the upcoming initial service pack (SP1) for its Windows Vista operating system. The complete list of SP1 service pack items is posted on Microsoft's website 6) Security Gap Gap, the clothing retail outlet, have admitted that the unencrypted Social Security numbers of 800,000 job applicants was stolen from a third-party vendor. The vendor contacted law enforcement authorities about the breach. 7) Software Piracy Settlement Six US based companies have recently settle claims with the Business Software Alliance (http://www.bsa.org) over use of unlicensed software following self audits. The total settlement was for almost $700,000. ISO 27000: The World Wide Phenomenon ================================ Our source list for recent purchases of the standards always proves to be a popular talking point. The most recent thousand or two is as follows: Argentina 7 Australia 29 Austria 8 Barbados 1 Belgium 14 Bermuda 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 Brasil 24 Canada 139 Cayman Islands 1 Chile 5 China 22 Colombia 12 Costa Rica 1 Croatia 1 Cyprus 1 Denmark 15 Egypt 2 Estonia 1 France 14 Germany 67 Gibraltar 1 Greece 6 Hong Kong 19 Hungary 6 Iceland 1 India 48 Indonesia 7 Ireland 25 Israel 1 Italy 35 Jamaica 1 Japan 35 Jordan 1 Korea 4 Lebanon 1 Luxembourg 1 Malaysia 22 Malta 1 México 31 Netherlands 60 New Zealand 10 Norway 9 Panama 1 Peru 1 Philippines 10 Poland 15 Portugal 6 R.O.C. 1 Romania 3 Russia 15 Saudi Arabia 19 Singapore 24 Slovak Republic 1 Slovenia 1 South Africa 29 Spain 33 Sultanate of Oman 1 Sweden 19 Switzerland 69 Taiwan 3 Thailand 1 Tunisia 1 Turkey 12 UK 384 United Arab Emirates 16 USA 568 Venezuela 1 The usual health warnings apply: these are sales through an online credit card facility, so those cultures that are less familiar with this type of commerce will be under represented. Business Continuity Management: Preparation and Risk ==================================================== ISO 27001 places a great deal of emphasis on implementing a business continuity management regime (in fact it devotes a whole chapter to this topic). The BCM objectives as defined within the standard are "to counteract interruptions to business activities and to protect processes from the effects of major failures of information systems or disasters and to ensure timely resumption". Usually, the better prepared you are, the more likely you will be to meet this objective, and the more effective will be your recovery. Unfortunately, many organizations do not properly embrace risk assessment, and often start their business continuity project ill prepared. PREPARATION It is important at the outset to have the full commitment of the Board or Governing Body of the organization. Without this, problems downstream are inevitable. An awareness campaign should follow, to ensure that all staff are notified of that commitment. The business continuity project can then be initiated (central to which is the delivery of a business continuity plan). It is essential, however, that this project is formal and structured. Initial steps for the project itself will include defining scope, and obtaining copies of all appropriate documents and information. A formal risk assessment exercise must follow. RISK ASSESSMENT Initial emphasis on effective risk assessment will enable you to predict different types of incidents with more accuracy. It will help ensure that focus is applied to those areas to which it is most needed. This aspect of BCM involves analyzing the business processes and identifying vulnerabilities through risk assessment and probability analysis. It includes the establishment of critical business timeframes including recovery time objectives (RTO) and maximum tolerable period of disruption (MTPD). The RTO will represent the time interval between the incident occurring and the time when a measurable negative impact will result on the business whereas the MTPD will represent the time interval between the incident occurring and the time when the impact from the incident will become extremely serious for the business. Following a detailed risk analysis of the business and its processes, suitable levels of safeguards and controls should be implemented that will protect the business processes and product delivery It is important to understand that none of the above tasks can be short cut. Proper planning and preparation may seem to be a burden, but the pay back could well be the survival of the organization itself. FURTHER INFORMATION Fortunately, this is a well trodden path, and specialist portals like the Disaster Recovery Planning Guide (http://www.disaster-recovery-guide.com/start.htm) provide sound advice on how to take the initial steps described above. ISO 27001/2: Common Mistakes Part 1 =================================== David Watson was one of the earliest exponents of the standards, and is one of the most well known industry figures. In this series of articles for the ISO 27000 Newsletter he outlines some of the most common errors and mistakes he has encountered over recent years: RISK ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT Proper document control is often missing, not up to date or inconsistent. It always amazes me how many people do not understand how to use templates and styles in word processing packages; Securing the boundaries of the scope and performing the risk assessment on those assets defined within the scope is often a problem area. Organizations often fail to look at the risks at the boundary of the scope if they have offered a reduced scope (i.e. not the whole organization, or stopping the scope at a boundary where a partner may share a resource etc); There is frequently a lack of traceability of the controls in the Statement of Applicability (SoA) to the Risk Assessment and Treatment Process (and back to the SoA); Risk Assessments often just look at technical risks and forget that the organization is a business with business risks; Rarely do I see any formal acceptance of residual risk; The SoA is often ill defined and diffiult to use. Typically this is one of the main documents that the CB Auditor will work with during the audit and it has to be clear, link to all the appropriate places or documents, and be understandable; Lack of management commitment is a serious problem. Only too often do I hear that the barest minimum of staff have been put on the project and these are not ring fenced so the project suffers resource leakage; Sometimes the organization has no idea of how or what to expect. I recently had a case of someone asking for a quote to roll out ISO 27001/2. I said I would `spec' it out for them after visiting them, understanding their business and providing a full proposal. They stated that they already had two proposals and just needed a third for completeness. I asked if the others had visited and they said no, they were local computer shops and had each quoted 5 days work and some hardware to implement ISO 27002 on a scope of 200 self employed associates, all using their own equipment with a common server and network resources. The best thing about it was that it was to connect to a UK government network. When I told them the Gap Analysis alone could take that long, they said they were hoping for a fast implementation and a half day seminar to implement the standard(s) was suggested. As some (well actually most) of the associates could not attend the half day ? would that matter? I kid you not. I also guess that they paid for their 5 days and that the IT Manager stated they were compliant just so they could get connected. COMMUNICATIONS AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT (Section 10) There are often no standards and little or no documentation of the Corporate Systems; Rarely is there an effective and properly implemented change management process. There are sometimes no formal change management processes or records of change meetings available. Change management meetings often have the wrong level staff attending, have whole business areas that do not/will not get involved, and no minutes for meetings to show changes successfully and unsuccessfully implemented; There is often no management software for the network, or any form of planning for the IT systems or capacity; Rarely are Service Level Agreements in place and if they are they are rarely monitored and used effectively. Sometimes the business has unrealistic ideas of IT Service availability and the IT Department cannot meet the requirements without serious investment, which the business may not be willing to provide. This can lead to a breakdown in relationships between business units and IT; Often the Information Security Manager is not advised of new projects or is so stretched that he cannot make the time to provide assistance; I often find a backup process that does not provide full backup integrity or recovery capability. SECURITY POLICY (Section 5) This can be an enormous can of worms, as policies are: - Often missing (Some companies do not even have a set of policies!); - Frequently out of date; - Often unknown by staff especially third parties and most especially IT Contractors and Consultants; - Not enforced; There are often no ecords to show who has received the policy with supporting training, and there is rarely evidence of policy review. Security Incident Response ========================== Preparing to respond to security incidents and system malfunctions is a key part of any security officer's duties. These potential incidents should, of course, have been predicted through effective risk assessment and probability analysis, and safeguards and controls should have been put in place to reduce the impact of any such incidents on the running of the business. However the unexpected will always occur. The following guidance is provided within ISO 27001: ? Advise relevant management and technical personnel about security incidents promptly ? Identify and report security weaknesses or potential shortfalls to appropriate security personnel ? Develop suitable procedures and responsibilities to ensure a fast and orderly response to incidents. ? Maintain incident statistics and learn from an analysis of incident causes and outcomes ? Collect admissible evidence where an incident may result in legal action No matter how many safeguards and controls that you implement it is almost inevitable that a disruptive incident will occur at some time. It is then down to a matter of how well you cope with the emergency and how well you manage the aftermath. This will depend upon either your well prepared and documented incident response procedures or your "seat of the pants" management skills, or perhaps more likely, some combination of both. However, the objective is to minimize or limit the damage from such incidents and to learn from the problem and improve safeguards and controls to reduce the likelihood of further occurrences. Ironically, as with many key aspects of information security, this is yet another issue for which a little planning and preparation can reap enormous benefits when a worst case scenario occurs. ISO 27000 Related Definitions and Terms ======================================= In this edition of the ISO 27000 Newsletter we look at those definitions and terms related to ISO 27001 and ISO 27002 that commence with the letter "A". Audit Trail A record, or series of records, which allows the processing carried out by a computer or clerical system to be accurately identified. It can also allow verification of the authenticity of amendments, including details of the users who created and authorized them. Authentication Authentication refers to the verification of the authenticity of either a person or of data (e.g. a message may be authenticated to have been originated by its claimed source). Authentication techniques usually form the basis for all forms of access control to systems and / or data. Authorization The process whereby a person approves a specific event or action. In companies with access right hierarchies it is important that audit trails identify both the creator and the authorizer of new or amended data. It is an unacceptably high risk situation for an individual to have the power to create new entries and then to authorize those same entries themselves. Auto Dial-back A security facility designed to ensure that `dial up' links to the organization's communications network may only be accessed from approved/registered external communication links. The computer holds a list/register of user IDs and passwords together with pre-assigned communication contact numbers. When a remote call is received from one of these users the computer checks that ID and password match and then cuts off the connection and dials back to the `registered' communication contact number held in the computer files. This system works well with fixed locations such as remote branches but may be inconvenient for staff who move around a lot. The drawbacks may be overcome by using a mobile telephone (connected to a laptop computer) as the registered dial-back - subject to the security requirements of protecting such items against theft or eavesdropping. Availability Ensuring that information systems and the necessary data are available for use when they are needed. Traditionally, computer systems were made available for staff use by the IT department in the early morning, and then closed down again by the IT staff before running their `End of Day' routines. Availability was thus the poor relation of Confidentiality and Integrity in security terms. However the extension of the working day (for example because of trading with different time zones) and the growth of 24x7 systems means that availability has become a much more important element of Information Security work. It Couldn't Happen Here, Could It? True Stories: =============================================== 1) User-Ids Count Too (True Story: case) Organizations correctly stress the importance of password confidentiality. They also urge users to choose sensible passwords, which cannot be easily guessed. Sometimes, however, this is not taken quite as seriously as it should be. For example, selecting a password of March2008 may appear to be adequate if a system only allows three invalid attempts (for instance) before locking the account. Unfortunately, in the real world, security exposure doesn't always work along such lines. In one case, the format of an organization's USER-ID's was discovered by an external party. This was always six characters, comprising a three character project-code followed immediately by the users initials. He then attempted to logon using one common rotating password (such as july2007) against a known project code (txy) followed by every three character combination possible (txyaaa, txyaab, txyaba, etc). Because only one failed access attempt occurred against each user-id, the attack was not noticed. He was thus able to continue until eventually, over a period of time, he gained access. He then wreaked havoc. The moral of this story is two fold: - password construct policies should be enforced rigorously - user-ids are in fact company confidential data 2) Quotation Corner: "He who laughs last has probably made a back-up". "When you reach to the point at which you understand your computer, it's probably obsolete." "What is the difference between Windows and a virus? Viruses rarely fail." (Sorry, Microsoft) CONTRIBUTIONS ============= Have you got something to say on the standards, or a fresh insight or some information which might benefit others? If so, please feel free to submit your contribution to us. Sponsors are also welcome. NEWSLETTER REMINDER =================== We hope that you have found this issue to be informative and useful. Subscription is entirely free (although 'opt-in' only). Please feel free to pass this copy on to your friends and colleagues. If your friends or colleagues wish to receive the newsletter directly, they should simply send an email to: news@27005.com with a title of 'subscribe'. ISO 27001 and 27002 Newsletter http://www.molemag.net Yahoo! Groups Links <*> To visit your group on the web, go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/CISSP-Discuss/ <*> Your email settings: Individual Email | Traditional <*> To change settings online go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/CISSP-Discuss/join (Yahoo! 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